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Israel maintains it has a right to retain the Golan, also citing the text of Resolution 242, which calls for "secure and recognized boundaries free from threats or acts of force". The Golan Heights Law was condemned by the United Nations Security Council in Resolution 497, which stated that "the Israeli decision to impose its laws, jurisdiction, and administration in the occupied Syrian Golan Heights is null and void and without international legal effect", and Resolution 242, which emphasizes the "inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by war". Construction of Israeli settlements began in the remainder of the territory held by Israel, which was under a military administration until the Knesset passed the Golan Heights Law in 1981, which applied Israeli law to the territory the move has been described as an annexation. Following the war, Syria dismissed any negotiations with Israel as part of the Khartoum Resolution at the 1967 Arab League summit. Since the Six-Day War of 1967, the western two-thirds of the Golan Heights has been occupied and administered by Israel, whereas the eastern third remains under the control of Syria. When the mandate terminated in 1946, it became part of the newly independent Syrian Arab Republic. The area later became part of the French Mandate in Syria and the State of Damascus. Within Ottoman Syria, the Golan was part of the Syria Vilayet. In the 16th century, the Golan was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. By the late-19th century, the Golan Heights was inhabited mostly by colonized peasants ( fellaḥîn), Bedouin Arabs, Druze, Turkmen, and Circassians. The Itureans, an Arab or Aramaic people, settled in the area in the 2nd century BCE and remained until the end of the Byzantine period. Throughout the Biblical period, the Golan was "the focus of a power struggle between the kings of Israel and the Aramaeans who were based near modern-day Damascus." After Assyrian and Babylonian rule, the region came under the domination of Persia, following which Jews were freed from Babylonian captivity and allowed to return and resettle in the land. According to the Bible, an Amorite kingdom in Bashan was conquered by the Israelites during the reign of King Og. The earliest evidence of human habitation on the Golan dates to the Upper Paleolithic period. This region includes the western two-thirds of the geological Golan Heights and the Israeli-occupied part of Mount Hermon. As a geopolitical region, it refers to the border region captured from Syria by Israel during the Six-Day War of 1967 the territory has been occupied by the latter since then and was subject to a de facto Israeli annexation in 1981.
The region defined as the Golan Heights differs between disciplines: as a geological and biogeographical region, the term refers to a basaltic plateau bordered by the Yarmouk River in the south, the Sea of Galilee and Hula Valley in the west, the Anti-Lebanon with Mount Hermon in the north and Wadi Raqqad in the east.
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